What was the typical range of working hours in factories during the Industrial Revolution?

During the Industrial Revolution, it was common for factory workers to endure long hours, typically ranging from 12 to 16 hours per day. This grueling schedule was driven by the demands of industrial production, where maximizing output was prioritized by factory owners seeking profits. Labor conditions were often harsh, with minimal breaks and little regard for workers’ health and wellbeing.

Factories operated with a relentless pace, and workers — including children — were expected to contribute to high productivity levels to keep up with machinery that ran throughout much of the day. This extensive working period contributed to various social issues, such as exhaustion, health problems, and labor exploitation, ultimately leading to movements advocating for workers' rights and reforms in labor laws.

The situation began to improve only later in the 19th century as labor movements gained momentum, eventually leading to legislation that reduced working hours and established regulations to protect workers.