What was a significant environmental impact of the Industrial Revolution?

The Industrial Revolution, spanning from the late 18th century to the early 19th century, marked a period of profound industrial and technological transformation that brought about significant environmental changes. One of the most notable impacts was the substantial increase in pollution and urban crowding. As factories emerged, they became major sources of air and water pollution, emitting significant amounts of smoke and waste. The reliance on coal as a primary energy source led to the degradation of air quality in industrial cities, resulting in smog and health issues for residents. Additionally, the rapid migration of people from rural areas to cities in search of work contributed to overcrowding, exacerbating sanitation problems and placing immense pressure on urban infrastructure.

This transformation greatly contrasted with the other statements: air quality did not improve, and instead worsened; deforestation often increased due to urban expansion and industrial activity; and biodiversity was negatively impacted due to habitat destruction and pollution, rather than enhanced. Therefore, the option regarding increased pollution and urban crowding accurately encapsulates the significant environmental effects of the Industrial Revolution.