What was a major environmental impact of the Industrial Revolution?

The Industrial Revolution brought about significant changes in production methods and energy consumption, leading to severe environmental impacts, particularly pollution and the over-exploitation of natural resources. As industries proliferated and urban centers expanded, factories released large quantities of smoke and pollutants into the air and waterways, severely degrading air quality and contaminating water sources. This shift towards industrialization often meant that natural landscapes were altered or destroyed to make way for urban development and resource extraction, such as mining operations for coal and other minerals.

Furthermore, the reliance on fossil fuels, particularly coal, became a cornerstone of industrial activity, exacerbating environmental degradation. Deforestation and land use changes were also common as agricultural practices intensified to support a growing population and workforce.

In contrast, the other options do not accurately capture the essence of the industrial transformation. Increased biodiversity in urban areas was unlikely due to habitat loss and pollution. The reduction in coal consumption did not occur during the Industrial Revolution; instead, coal became the primary energy source. Likewise, the reliance on renewable energy sources during this period was minimal, as the technology and infrastructure necessary for such alternatives were not sufficiently developed. Thus, the answer emphasizes the adverse environmental consequences of rapid industrial growth and unsustainable practices of the time.