What effect did the Industrial Revolution have on the environment?

The Industrial Revolution brought about significant changes to the environment, primarily characterized by increased pollution and the depletion of natural resources. As industries expanded, factories began to release large quantities of smoke and hazardous waste into the air and waterways, leading to a dramatic rise in air and water pollution. The demand for raw materials to fuel this industrial growth resulted in extensive mining, logging, and land conversion, which further strained natural resources and led to habitat destruction.

The rapid urbanization that accompanied the Industrial Revolution also contributed to environmental challenges, as cities expanded to accommodate the growing workforce, resulting in increased waste production and infrastructural demands. This combination of industrial activity and urban growth fundamentally altered landscapes and ecosystems, marking a significant departure from previously more sustainable practices. Hence, the Industrial Revolution is primarily associated with environmental degradation rather than improvements or sustainability.