How did the Industrial Revolution initially affect standards of living?

During the initial phases of the Industrial Revolution, many workers experienced a deterioration in their living and working conditions. Factories often had unsafe work environments, long hours, and very low wages. The rapid urbanization caused by the influx of people from rural areas to cities in search of work led to overcrowded living conditions. These urban settings frequently lacked proper sanitation, clean water, and adequate housing, exacerbating health problems among the working population.

While the Industrial Revolution did ultimately lead to improvements in manufacturing efficiency and economic growth, the initial impact on standards of living for many workers was negative. The focus on maximizing production and profit often overlooked the welfare of workers, leading to widespread exploitation during this transformative period. This environment fostered the rise of labor movements and calls for reform, as the harsh realities of industrial life became evident.