How did cultural and artistic movements respond to the Industrial Revolution?

Cultural and artistic movements during the Industrial Revolution often reacted against the effects of industrialization. Many artists, writers, and thinkers felt that rapid industrialization had negative consequences on society, including the loss of connection to nature, urban overcrowding, and the plight of the working class. Movements such as Romanticism emerged as a response, emphasizing emotion, individualism, and the beauty of nature as a contrast to the mechanization and dehumanizing aspects of industrial society. These artists and intellectuals sought to highlight the social and environmental issues brought about by industrial growth, advocating for a return to a more harmonious relationship between humans and nature.

The other options don't align with the predominant response observed during this era. While some may have embraced industrial themes, the widespread sentiment among many cultural figures was one of critique and reflection on the adverse effects of industrialization rather than outright acceptance or promotion.